Mark Knopfler got his first Strat only shortly before Dire Straits were formed. Before that time he had played a Gibson Les Paul Special through a Selmer tube combo amp in a band called The Cafe Racers. It is not clear if he owned the Selmer amp or if it was borrowed. What we know is that when he got the Strat, he plugged it into a Fender Vibrolux which probably belonged to Dire Straits’ bass player John Illsley. Today however, it is still in Knopfler’s possession.

This amp was a Fender Vibrolux from the early 60ies  – from the brown-tolex era. Internally Fender called this model 6G11 (first revision), or 6G11-A (second revision, the more common version to be found).

The brown Vibrolux is a really wonderful amp: with about 30 watts from two 6L6 tubes it has enough power to be played in a band with drums and bass, yet it is  small and light. It has one 12″ speaker (an Oxford 12L6 or 12M6)  and a tremolo effects. Unfortunately it has no reverb (a feature Fender introduced with the later black face series, the only brown amp with reverb was the 2 x 10″ Vibroverb from about 1963), with reverb the Vibrolux might have been the ultimate small combo amp. The rectifier is also a tube.

The controls are pretty much standard: One channel with Volume, Treble, Bass, the second channel with Volume, Treble, Bass, and two tremolo controls (Speed, Intensity) which affect both channels. There are no bright switches – another feature introduced with the black face amps. However, the second channel is called “Bright” as a small condenser across the volume poti adds some treble – the same circuit as a bright switch, just not switchable.

The Vibrolux does not have a Fender logo on the front grill cloth – the one on Knopfler’s amp is not original.

Knopfler played this amp live in 1977 and early 1978. There is only a limited number of live pictures  from 1977, and most do not show any amps.  We have the following sources from this period that mention the Vibrolux:

a) Knopfler himself said in a an interview that Sultans of Swing was first written in open tuning on a National steel guitar, but it was totally changed when he got his Strat and played it through the Vibrolux.

b) There are two pictures from an early live gig at the bandstand on Clapham Common, London, September , 1977 (two months after recording the demo of Sultans of Swing, five months before the recording of the first album in February 1978)

c) Two pictures from the Roundhouse, London, January 1978 (more info).

d) One picture from the Marquee, March 1978

e) A personal interview with Chas Herington who was the engineer on both the demo and the single version of Sultans of Swing (both recorded at Pathway studio, July 1977 and April 1978, the song was re-recorded two months after the recording of the first album because the record company wanted more of a rock sound for the single). He also told me that it was mic’ed with a Neumann mic.

There is no evidence that this amp was played on the Sultans of Swing version of Dire Straits’ first album (recorded in February 1978). Possibly different amps were used here (Twin Reverb, Jazz Chorus, and the Vibrolux). In about May 1978 Knopfler started to play Fender Twin Reverbs on stage. The Vibrolux reapperad with the Notting Hillbillies and is still frequently used these days in Knopfler’s British Grove studio.

I know that Knopfler’s amp does not have the original Oxford speaker anymore. I talked with Knopfler’s guitar tech Glenn Saggers about this amp some years ago on on a Notting Hillbillies gig, and he told me it had a Celestion speaker. Unfortunately he did not remember which model (they can sound very different) so I gave Glenn a self-addressed postcard and asked him if he might send it to me after checking the amp the next time. I did not really expect he would remember it, or find the time, but some months later I in fact  got a card with the answer: a Sound City speaker  -these were often produced by Fane (Thank you Glenn if you ever read this )

Here are some detail pictures of a 1961 Vibrolux:

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Related articles

• Sultans of Swing – The alternate single version and the demo version – sound and gear
• Gear on Dire Straits’ first TV appearance at Old Grey Whiste Test
• Amps and Gear on the Dire Straits Bootleg Leeds 1978
• Jim Kelley amps – the FACS model used on the Brothers in Arms tour
• Tone King Imperial: Played on which songs?
• Sultans of Swing – backing track for long live version available

31 comments to “Mark Knopfler’s Sultans of Swing amp – The brown Fender Vibrolux”

1. jude says:

   18. January 2009 at 01:45

   Great article Ingo. Do you know anything about Knopfler’s use of compressors?

   Reply
2. Ingo says:

   18. January 2009 at 08:52

   see http://www.mk-guitar.com/2008/10/09/the-dan-armstrong-orange-squeezer-compressor-did-mark-knopfler-really-use-it/

   Reply
3. jude says:

   19. January 2009 at 01:26

   Thanks for the article on the compressor, it sounds he could have used one. Right now i’m looking for a brothers in arms type tone straight from my tube amp just by driving it, but it won’t seem to drive enough, although it does a little. Do you know of a way to get it to drive harder without pedals.

   Reply
4. Jean-François says:

   21. January 2009 at 10:50

   On the Oldfield book (p.66-67) there’s a pic of an early DS gig. The caption says (I’ve the french version of the book): “one of the first gigs, in a summer party, for the Honky tonk radio show…”
   It seems that it is the same gig as the pics above. Mark, David and John looks have the same clothes (but maybe didn’t they have so much clothes at that time ) and it seems they are playing in a “kiosk” (we can see some pillars).You say September 77, so it could be the “summer” in Oldfield`s memory.
   On the book pic, there`s a strat laying on the right side (David ‘side as the pic is taken from the back of Pick). Could it be the 80470, or David`s strat as you said that Mark seems to have only the 68354 at that time?
   And at last, we can`t see the colour as the pic is B&W, but the 68354 is natural finish, right? If I remember correctly (but I can`t find the article where you wrote this) you said that the 68354 was red finish early 78?
   Well you know, not so important, but details that I`m interesting in

   Reply
5. Jean-François says:

   21. January 2009 at 10:53

   just a comment to say that I’ve just posted a comment and it doesn’t appears in the number of comments

   Reply
6. Ingo says:

   21. January 2009 at 15:46

   There is a spam filter for comments that normally works very well, if the filter is not sure it holds back a comment for approval by the admin which was the case here.
   This sometimes happens when a comment includes some URLs or if the same author makes many comments within a certain time, or just for some other unknown reason.

   Reply
7. Ingo says:

   21. January 2009 at 15:57

   @comment 4:
   I only have the English version of tthe book, the photo in question must be what is on page 40/41 here, but I can’t see any Strat lying on the floor here (is it the picture behind Pick, david standing near a column with the Telecaster, and Mark’s guitar is behind Pick’s head ??)

   Maybe the picture is bigger in your version, would love to see that.
   I know of about 5 or maybe 6 pictures of that gig.

   Can you scan (or photograph) your picture and send it to me (inra311(AT)versanet.de).

   I think I should put all pics of this gig into a special article then.

   Reply
8. Colin Moss says:

   3. February 2010 at 15:44

   My band (Scapa Flow) played support to “Brewers Droop” including Mark Knofpler around 1973/74 at the Newark Tech College Hall in England. I sat talking with him in the dressing room about guitars. I was playing a Les Paul custom, he was playing a Strat and was telling me how he liked it and was showing me how the tone/vol and switch worked……….so he must have had a Strat way before the first album?

   Reply
9. Ingo says:

   3. February 2010 at 16:44

   Hey, cool ! I am pretty much sure that he got “his” Strat shortly before Dire Straits started, I would guess early ’77. He had that late 50ies Les Paul Special in the mid-70ies it seems, and I think also at the time of Brewers Droop. Maybe he played a Strat that belonged to someone else (e.g. the other guitar plyer in the band). I think at the time of the Cafe Racers he also used to play a Telecaster that belonged to the singer.

   Reply
10. Anthony says:

    10. June 2010 at 13:38

    Can the first song of dire straits were recorded with a deluxe reverb? The tone is very sweet similar. e.g. on wdytyg, news, down to the waterline.. ?

    Reply
11. Jeff says:

    16. July 2010 at 15:42

    Maybe a deluxe was used somewhere back then. You mean on first – second album? I suppose. Similar tone there

    Reply
12. Ingo says:

    17. July 2010 at 11:42

    Nobody knows which amps were used on the second album – Communique. They were borrowed from Robert Palmer, possibly Fenders.

    I once met Jack Sonni (Dire Straits’ 2nd guitarist in the late 80ies) and asked him if he knows what Mark played on that old stuff and he replied something like “I think an old Deluxe reverb or something”, but no idea if this is reliable info or not.

    Reply
13. Jeff - Anthony says:

    18. July 2010 at 17:49

    Ingo I have a 70s deluxe reverb and is sweet for that tone. Very close.

    Reply
14. Jean-François says:

    26. July 2010 at 13:28

    I can’t see how Jack Sonni could know EXACTLY the gear used in 78-79.
    I guess he met Mark in NY in spring 80 during or just before the recording of Making movies.
    Even if they discussed about gear, I don’t think they talked especially about the amp used for a song, 2 years before
    However, I agree that the Deluxe reverb idea fit well

    Reply
15. Ingo says:

    29. July 2010 at 11:35

    Of course Jack Sonni colud not know anything first-hand, I thought maybe Mark told him something. I asked generally about gear on those first DS albums.

    Reply
16. Jim says:

    29. July 2010 at 23:44

    I’m sure except the vibrolux the other amp was a black face fender as you said Ingo.

    Reply
17. TheWizzard29 says:

    5. September 2010 at 10:56

    Hey,

    is Mark really using a Shure SM 57 on picture 1 for vocals? And what’s the desk in front of him?

    Reply
18. Ingo says:

    5. September 2010 at 13:53

    I think he just records guitar overdubs and the mic is just a talkback micro so that people in the control room can hear his requests or comments. The desk might be something to adjust headphones volume I’d guess.

    Reply
19. Steve says:

    8. September 2010 at 06:53

    Jude- in comment #3 above, you said you were trying to get the Brothers In Arms sound- figured I’d pass on some info I have on that-

    You read in the article that he used a Les Paul Junior through a Jim Kelley amp (cited in the article as a “Kelly” amp, but I got to ask MK about that a during the recording of the Sailing To Philadelphia album, and it’s definitely a Jim Kelley 1×12 combo), so there’s your starting point.

    The big trick is getting that hollow, nasal sound to the guitar. I’ll cut to the chase- it’s not guitar wiring tricks, it’s not a wah pedal or any other kind of pedal, or anything else pre- guitar amp. Jim Kelley amps are very Fender-like and have that same “squawy bark” when they’re pushed hard, so that’s the first big clue. But like Fender amps, they don’t have THAT sound that we hear on Money for Nothing or Brothers In Arms… Simply put, that sound came from the way the microphones were aimed at the amplifier.

    If you’ve never played with two microphones on the same speaker, then you’re probably saying “HUH!?” What happens is that each microphone, when they are combined into one signal (say, panning them both to the left speaker) will actually cancel out certain frequencies that you hear. This effect can be very subtle to very dramatic- the trick is how and where you place each microphone in relation to the other- this is a “black art” and why every recording engineer is a little insane.

    So: that sound we’ve all looked for at one time or another is actually two microphones that are playing with each other’s frequencies to create: a hollow/ nasal guitar sound.

    Bummed? I was. How do you replicate that live!? I asked MK that question, and his solution: “I use a wah pedal.” Well, I figure if it’s good enough for him…!

    Hope this was helpful-

    Reply
20. Steve says:

    8. September 2010 at 06:55

    mixonline.com/mag/audio_classic_tracks_dire/

    Reply
21. Jeff - Anthony says:

    10. September 2010 at 10:19

    Ingo, which is the bias of the brown vibrolux, hot, cold? I set mine deluxe at about 23 ma – how this you think will compare to the brown vibrolux? (I know it has a fixed bias) I want set it as hot as the vibrolux.

    Reply
22. Ingo says:

    11. September 2010 at 12:20

    Sorry, I can’t tell, never measured it. The brown vibrolux is specified with a grid voltage of – 36 V, but it has only 365 V plate voltage, so the cathode current should definitley be different from your 23 mA anyway (the Deluxe has more than 400 V) . I normally start with this value and set it so that it sounds best, at the same time trying to avoid it running too hot.

    Reply
23. Jeff - A says:

    19. December 2010 at 10:44

    Which speaker you think friend Ingo is best from the two, oxfords or jensen vintage? For the early staff. I have an 12L6 from ’71 and I’m think of buy a jensen from mid 60s but reconed.

    Reply
24. Tony says:

    31. January 2011 at 22:35

    Which channel on the vibrolux is more knopflery Ingo?

    Reply
25. Ingo says:

    1. February 2011 at 11:20

    Both channels are the same except that the right channel is brighter. It is the same circuit as you have with the bright switches that you normally have on Fender amps, just without switch, in other words, the bright capacitor is always on, and on the left channel always off.

    I’d vote for the right channel to be more knopflery.

    Reply
26. Leigh says:

    26. September 2012 at 11:26

    Did Mark ever play a Schecter I was told he did

    Reply